Regularities of territorial distribution of river runoff in the Zhaiyk-Caspian water basin
Views: 391 / PDF downloads: 98
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2025-151-2-183-196Keywords:
Zhaiyk-Caspian basin, unstudied rivers, hydrologically homogeneous area, regional dependencies, flow modulus map, isolinesAbstract
In hydrological terms, the Zhaiyk-Caspian water basin is considered to be one of the least studied regions. It is characterized by the short duration of observations at most hydrological stations and their uneven spatial distribution. Half of the hydrological stations in the basin have observation records of no more than ten years, and one-third have no more than five years. Additionally, the basin contains a significant number of unstudied small rivers and ravines that are not tributaries of the monitored rivers. Under these conditions, estimating the runoff norm for poorly studied and unstudied rivers becomes one of the most challenging tasks in hydrology. To determine the runoff norm of poorly studied and unstudied rivers in the Zhayik-Caspian basin, the article employed a regional dependence of the runoff modulus on catchment area: M₀ = f(F). Eight regional curves were developed, characterizing hydrologically homogeneous areas of the basin. Analyzing spatial patterns in river runoff distribution enabled the construction of a runoff modulus map. Runoff modulus isolines were drawn within a range of 0.1 to 3.0 l/s/km². The distribution of the runoff modulus generally reflects the zonal variation in climatic conditions from north to south and also accounts for the relief and characteristics of the underlying surface. These results allow us to make it possible to calculate runoff norms for rivers not covered by observations and serve as a basis for water use planning, development of environmental standards, and water management measures under changing climate conditions. The study's results are of high practical significance and can be recommended for application in hydrological calculations, design of water bodies, and formation of regional water policy.
Downloads
References
Alimkulov, S.K., Mahmudova, L.K., Tursunova, A.A., Talipova, E.K., Birimbaeva, L.K. (2024). Köpzhyldyk gidrometeorologiialyq mälimetteri negizinde Zhaiyq-Kaspiy susharuashylyq alabyndagy gidrologiialyq qyrghaqshylyqty bagalau [Assessment of hydrological droughts based on the results of long-term hydrometeorological data of the Zhayik-Caspian water basin]. Gidrometeorologiya zhäne ekologiya [Hydrometeorology and Ecology] 1, 26-38. https://journal.kazhydromet.kz/index.php/kazgidro/article/download/2062/2558/9955
Alimkulov, S.K., Saparova, A.A., Moldahanova, N.E., Baspakova, G.R. (2020). Zakonomernosti raspredeleniya resursov rechnogo stoka v Kazakhstane [Regularities of river flow resources distribution in Kazakhstan]. Voprosy geografii i geoekologii [Issues of Geography and Geoecology], 4, 9-16. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zakonomernosti-raspredeleniya-resursov-rechnogo-stoka-v-kazahstane/viewer
Birimbayeva, L., Makhmudova, L., Alimkulov, S., Tursunova, A., Mussina, A., Tigkas, D., Beksultanova, Zh., Rodrigo, M.C., Rodrigo, J.I. (2024). Analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of hydrological drought regimes in the lowland rivers of Kazakhstan. Water 16(16), 2316. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162316
Cifrovaya baza dannykh vysot SRTM 90m DEM [Digital elevation database SRTM 90m DEM in Russian]. http://www.cgiar-csi.org/2010/03/108/uot;http:/srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
Davletgaliev, S.K. (2009). Otcenka normy godovogo stoka rek Zhaiyk-Zhemskogo rayona pri otsutstvii dannykh nablyudeniy [Estimation of annual runoff norm of rivers of Zhaiyk-Zhem district in the absence of observation data]. Gidrometeorologiya i ekologiya [Hydrometeorology and Ecology] 4, 7-17. https://journal.kazhydromet.kz/index.php/kazgidro/article/view/147
Davletgaliev, S.K. (2016). Otsenka kharakteristik godovogo stoka neizuchennykh rek Zhaiyk-Kaspiyskogo vodokhozyaystvennogo basseyna [Estimation of annual runoff characteristics of unstudied rivers of the Zhaiyk-Caspian water basin]. Gidrometeorologiya i ekologiya [Hydrometeorology and Ecology] 1, 60-66. https://journal.kazhydromet.kz/index.php/kazgidro/article/view/147
Ezhegodnyy byulleten' monitoringa sostoyaniya i izmeneniya klimata Kazahstana: 2021 [Annual bulletin of monitoring of the state and climate change of Kazakhstan: 2021]. (2022). Astana, Kazakhstan: National Hydrometeorological Service “Kazhydromet”. https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/klimat/ezhegodnyy-byulletenmonitoringa-sostoyaniya-i-izmeneniya-klimata-kazahstana
Ezhegodnyy byulleten' monitoringa sostoyaniya i izmeneniya klimata Kazahstana: 2023 [Annual bulletin of monitoring of the state and climate change of Kazakhstan: 2023]. (2024). Astana, Kazakhstan: National Hydrometeorological Service “Kazhydromet”. https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/klimat/ezhegodnyy-byulleten-monitoringa-sostoyaniya-i-izmeneniya-klimata-kazahstana
Gajdukova, E.V., Viktorova, N.V. (2021). Gidrologicheskie prognozy [Hydrological forecasts]. RGGMU, Sankt-Peterburg. https://mgmtmo.ru/edumat/hydrology/Gaidukova_Hydro_forecasts_Lecture_2021.pdf
Gidrologicheskiy ezhegodnik [Hydrological Yearbook]. (1948-1982). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad [Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad]. https://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/gidrologiya/basseyny-rek-ural-srednee-i-nizhnee-techenie-i-emba-1936-2022
Gosudarstvennyy vodnyy kadastr [State water cadastre]. (1981-2014). Resursy poverhnostnykh i podzemnykh vod, ikh ispol'zovanie i kachestvo: Ezhegodnoe izdanie [Surface and groundwater resources, utilisation and quality: Annual publication]. Leningrad; St. Petersburg; Moscow, Russia. https://kazhydromet.kz/uploads/files/473/file/63083e86b5b9abasseyn-rek-ural-srednee-i-nizhnee-techenie-i-emba-vypusk-2-1996-god.pdf
Gosudarstvennyy vodnyy kadastr [State water cadaster]. (2000-2016). Ezhegodnye dannye o rezhime i resursakh poverkhnostnykh vod sushi [Annual data on terrestrial surface water regime and resources]. Almaty, Kazakhstan. https://kazhydromet.kz/uploads/files/473/file/63083e86b5b9abasseyn-rek-ural-srednee-i-nizhnee-techenie-i-emba-vypusk-2-1996-god.pdf
Kocherin, D.I. (1927). Sredniy mnogoletniy godovoy i mesyachnyy stok v Evropeyskoy chasti Soyuza [Average long-term annual and monthly runoff in the European part of the Union]. Trudy MIITA [The works of MIIT] 6, 55-94.
L'vovich, M.I. (1974). Global water resources and their future [Mirovye vodnye resursy i ikh budushchee in Russian]. Mysl’, Moskva.
Magritskiy, D.V., Kenzhebaeva, A.Zh. (2017). Zakonomernosti, harakteristiki i prichiny izmenchivosti godovogo i sezonnogo stoka vody rek v basseyne r. Ural [Regularities, characteristics and causes of variability of annual and seasonal river runoff in the Ural River basin]. Nauka. Tekhnika. Tekhnologiya (Politekhnicheskiy vestnik) [Science. Technic. Technology (Polytechnic Bulletin)] 3, 39-61. https://istina.msu.ru/publications/article/83877617/
Mahmudova, L.K., Talipova, E.K., Myrzahmetov, A.B., Birimbaeva, L.M., Tursynbay, A.A., Älipbek, Ä.Sh. (2024). Zhaiyk-Kaspii su sharuashylygy alabynyn aumagyndagy zhylymyqtyn klimattyq sipattamalary [Climatic characteristics of thaws in the territory of the Zhaiyk-Caspian water basin]. Habarshy. Geografiya seriyasy [KazNU Bulletin. Geographical series] 4, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.26577/JGEM.2024.v75.i4.7
Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po opredeleniyu raschetnykh gidrologicheskih kharakteristik pri otsutstvii dannykh gidrometricheskih nablyudeniy [Methodological Recommendations for Determining Estimated Hydrological Characteristics in the Absence of Hydrometric Observation Data]. (2009). Nestor-Istoriya, Sankt-Peterburg.
Meteorologicheskaya i gidrologicheskaya bazy dannykh [Meteorological and hydrological databases]. https://www.kazhydromet.kz/meteo_db
Nacional'nyy atlas Respubliki Kazakhstan. T.1: Prirodnye usloviya i resursy. [National Atlas of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Vol. 1: Natural conditions and resources]. (2010). Pod redaktsiyey d.g.n. prof. A.R. Medeu [Edited by A.R. Medeu]. Almaty.
Resursy poverkhnostnykh vod SSSR. Nizhnee Povolzh'e i Zapadnyy Kazakhstan. Uralo-Embinskiy rayon [Surface water resources of the USSR. Lower Volga region and Western Kazakhstan]. (1970). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad 12(2), 511.
Smagulov, Zh.Zh., Snow, D., Arystambekova, D.D., Sailaubek, A.M., Tairov, A.Z. (2024). Study of water regime of Zhaiyk transboundary river in the context of anthropogenic and climatic changes. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 3(465), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.32014/2024.2518-170X.417
Sokolovskiy, D.L. (1968). Rechnoy stok (Osnovy teorii i metodiki raschetov) [River flow (Fundamentals of theory and calculation methods)]. Gidrometeorologicheskoe izdatel'stvo, Leningrad [Hydrometeorological Publishing House, Leningrad:].
Svod pravil SP 33-101-2003. Opredelenie osnovnykh raschetnykh gidrologicheskikh kharakteristik [Code of Regulations SP 33-101-2003. Determination of basic design hydrological characteristics]. (2004). http://www.cawater-info.net/bk/improvement-irrigated-agriculture/files/sp-33-101-2003.pdf
Tursunova, A., Medeu, A., Alimkulov, S., Saparova, A., Baspakova, G. (2022). Water resources of Kazakhstan in conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Water and Land Development 54(VII-IX), 138-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2022.141565
Vodnye resursy Kazakhstana: ocenka, prognoz, upravlenie. Resursy rechnogo stoka Kazakhstana. Vozobnovlyaemye resursy poverhnostnyh vod Zapadnogo, Severnogo, Central'nogo i Vostochnogo Kazahstana [Water resources of Kazakhstan: assessment, forecast, management. River flow resources of Kazakhstan. Renewable surface water resources of Western, Northern, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan]. (2012). pod nauch. red. R.I. Gal'perina [Edited by R.I. Galperin]. Almaty, 7(1), 684.
Voskresenskiy, K.P. (1962). Norma i izmenchivost' godovogo stoka rek Sovetskogo Soyuza [Norm and variability of annual runoff of the rivers of the Soviet Union]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad [Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad]. http://www.cawater-info.net/library/rus/hist/voskresenskiy.pdf
Wang, L., Li, Y., Biswas, A., Zhao, Y., Niu, B., Siddique, K.H.M. (2025). Assessing climate change and human impacts on runoff and hydrological droughts in the Yellow River Basin using a machine learning-enhanced hydrological modeling approach. Journal of Environmental Management 380, 125091. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125091
Waqas, M., Naseem, A., Humphries, U.W., Hlaing, P.T., Shoaib, M., Hashim, S. (2025). A comprehensive review of the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Thailand. Farming System 3(1), 100114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100114
Zagidullina, A.R., Smagulov, Zh.Zh., Birimbaeva, L.M., Sajlaubek, A.M. (2024). Tendentsii mnogoletnikh izmeneniy stoka osnovnykh rek, formiruyushchikhsya v Zhaiyk-Kaspiyskom vodokhozyaystvennom basseyne [Trends of multi-year changes in runoff of main rivers forming in the Zhaiyk-Caspian water basin]. Geografiya i vodnye resursy [Geography and Water Resources] 2, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2024-2-15-26.9
Zaykov, B.D., Belinkov, S.Yu. (1937). Sredniy mnogoletniy stok rek SSSR [Average long-term flow of rivers of the USSR]. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Gidrologicheskogo instituta [Proceedings of the State Hydrological Institute] 2, 78.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 A. Zagidullina, A. Dostaeva, A. Sailaubek, O. Alzhanov (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
